Ecosystem-based approaches in forest management, particularly the ecosystem approach to forest management (EAFM), represent a paradigm shift from traditional forestry practices. Traditional forest management was primarily focused on two principles: sustained yield and normal forests. Sustained yield aimed to maintain a balance between consumption and regeneration, ensuring that the rate of harvest does not exceed the rate of forest regeneration. Normal forests management aimed to maintain a stable state, often resembling the natural climax community.
Over time, forest management principles evolved to focus on sustainable management. This shift occurred globally, with the recognition of 15 SMF principles at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1992. These principles emphasize the sustainable use, conservation and management of forests.
The EAFM was adopted under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1992. This approach recognizes forests as complex ecosystems and aims to manage them in a holistic and integrated manner. Key features of the EAFM include an ecosystem focus, biodiversity conservation, socio-economic considerations and adaptive management.
While both SMF and EAFM are oriented towards conservation of flora and fauna, the EAFM principles are more specific and directed towards local-level forest management, with a strong focus on the forest ecosystem and its dynamics.
EAFM, represents a more holistic and integrated way of managing forests, emphasizing the conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of forest resources.