Grassland ecosystems of Kerala are characterized by open areas dominated by grasses and herbaceous plants. These ecosystems play a crucial role in supporting biodiversity, providing habitat for various species and maintaining ecological balance.
Beyond the lush forests, Kerala boasts this unique ecosystem which are primarily found above 1500 meters in elevation. These areas, often called “shrub-savannas,” showcase a distinct blend of tall grasses and diverse shrubs.
Below 1800 meters, these grasslands exist alongside medium and high-elevation evergreen forests. Scattered trees, such as Wendlandia thrysoidea and Terminalia chebula, dot the landscape alongside dwarf palm trees like Phoenix. Notably, these grasslands are known for their tall grasses, reaching up to 1.5 meters in height. Species like Andropogon lividus and Chrysopogon zeylanicus are prominent members of this diverse community. Interestingly, areas frequently grazed or burned by fires favour the presence of unpalatable species like Cymbopogon flexuous and the fern Pteridium.
These grasslands are not just defined by grasses. A vibrant mix of herbaceous plants like Crotalaria, Desmodium and Hypericum interweave with the grasses, adding a layer of colourful diversity. Additionally, the monocarpic shrub, Phlebophyllum kunthianum, often dominates the landscape, creating a unique textural contrast.
Above 1800 meters, particularly in the Anamalai region, the grasslands undergo a transformation due to the colder climate. With temperatures dipping below zero degrees Celsius during winter, a distinct ecosystem emerges. The grass layer becomes shorter, typically under 1 meter and is dominated by species like Andropogon foulkesii and Chrysopogonorientalis. Shrubs like Berberis tinctoria and Gaultheria frangrantissima become prominent, while the occasional small Rhododendron arboreum adds a touch of tree-like beauty.
This diverse ecosystem provides a haven for a variety of herbaceous companions alongside the grasses. Anaphalis, Campanula and Cassia species paint the landscape with vibrant colours, while Droserapeltata and Centellaasiaticathrive in the occasional swampy pockets. This remarkable blend of grasses, shrubs and herbs creates a unique ecological niche, supporting a variety of plant and animal life in the highlands of Kerala.