Cities are growing, shrinking green spaces. This leads to increased pollution, higher temperatures, and less access to nature. Kerala faces these challenges too with the urban areas having more buildings and paved surfaces, resulting in less vegetation and higher heat absorption. This creates a ‘heat island effect’ with hotter temperatures. Additionally, fewer green spaces limit opportunities for recreation and enjoying nature.
The World Health Organization recommends everyone in a city to have access to at least 9 square meters of green space. Urban forests, patches of greenery within cities, offer numerous benefits: they help fight climate change, reduce pollution, provide habitat for animals and improve our health and well-being.
To address these challenges, the Government of Kerala implemented the Nagara Vanam (Urban Forests) project. This pilot project created model urban forests in collaboration with various stakeholders. These forests have multiple layers of vegetation, use native species and were planted densely. The project also aimed to educate the public about the importance of forests and encourage people to protect them.
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Aim and Objectives of Nagara Vanam
The over-all aim of Nagara Vanam project is to provide the benefits of natural forests to the urban / semi urban dwellers of Kerala by creating miniature forest patches in their surroundings through high-density planting of indigenous species availing extensive public participation.
The specific objectives of the Programme shall be:
- To create miniature forest patches in the urban/ semi-urban landscapes so as to enable the public to feel and experience forests;
- To enhance green areas in the urban/ semi-urban landscapes to reduce the ill-effects of urbanization and climate change;
- To demonstrate to the public about native and indigenous species, biodiversity value and ecosystem services;
- To impart education and awareness to the public on the role of forests in mitigating climate change and clean environment:
- To create representative vegetation in the urban/ semi-urban landscapes mimicking the original forests/ ecosystems prevalent in the area; and
- To increase the aesthetic value of urban and semi-urban areas
Key design principles
The following are the key design principles that need to be kept in mind while developing Nagara Vanam:
- Miniature forests in small plots in urban/ semi-urban areas,
- Reliance on indigenous species and exclusion of exotic and invasive species
- Mimicking the natural forests in the area – High density planting and tall seedlings Multi-layered canopy
- Intensive tending operations
- Quick establishment as natural forests
- Cost effective for establishment and maintenance and
- Public participation
Implementation aspects
The Nagara Vanam project brings the benefits of natural forests to urban and semi-urban residents of Kerala. It creates miniature forest patches using native species planted densely with extensive public participation.
This initiative aims to increase green spaces in urban areas, mitigating the negative effects of urbanization and climate change. Residents can experience nature firsthand within their surroundings. The project also showcases the value of native plants, biodiversity and ecosystem services. Additionally, it raises awareness about the role of forests in combating climate change and maintaining a clean environment.
To achieve this, Nagara Vanam plots can be as small as five cents requiring careful selection of species based on potential growth and size. Locally suitable indigenous species are chosen based on factors like weather conditions and soil type. Existing forests or natural vegetation in the vicinity serve as reference points for designing the composition and layering of the plots.
High-density planting is employed to maximize growth within limited space. However, species selection considers factors like crown spread, height, shade tolerance and growth stage. Integrating plants that grow at different heights is crucial for creating a diverse ecosystem.
Establishing these forests involves improving soil fertility through organic methods and regular after-care including watering, weeding, pest control, and manuring. The project emphasizes affordable and locally adaptable methods, relying heavily on the involvement of local communities for long-term protection and maintenance.
Only organic methods are used to improve soil fertility, and exotic species are strictly avoided. Vegetative planting materials are sourced locally, and biodegradable containers are encouraged for raising planting materials. Pre-planting activities like soil testing are recommended and each plot will have a dedicated journal documenting activities and progress.
The Forest Department provides support and guidance to interested parties who wish to replicate the Nagara Vanam model, sharing recommended plant lists, seedling raising techniques and planting methods. This initiative, by creating a network of miniature forests is not just about bringing the beauty of nature closer to people; it is about igniting a passion for environmental stewardship and seeking the way for a greener, healthier future for generations to come.